This book offers an overview of the history and development of civil society in three major nations of South Asia – Pakistan, India and Bangladesh – from colonial times to the present. It examines the liberalization of civil society since the 1980s, the needs it created for civil action, the professionalization of civil society organizations, and the extent to which civil society may benefit society at large in the context of local, national and global transformations in the economy, political regime and ideology. The reader will find new insights on the interaction between the liberalization of multifaceted civil societies in the three countries, presenting contrasts such as restrictions put on women’s organizations or labour unions and acceptance of religious organizations’ activities. The volume looks at forms of transfer of civil society models, representation and democratic legitimacy of civil society organizations such as nongovernmental organizations, government organized NGOs and faith-based organizations, along with the structuring of civil society through legal frames as well as female, religious, and ethnic mobilizations around language and literature. Using wide-ranging empirical data and theoretical analyses, it deals with civil society issues relating to human rights and political challenges, justice, inequality, empowerment, and the role of bureaucracy, women’s movements, and ethnic and linguistic minorities. It also presents early responses to the Covid-19 crisis in 2020 which created significant pressure on the states and on civil society. This book will be useful to scholars and researchers of political studies, development studies, sociology, public policy and governance, law and human rights, as also to professionals in think tanks, civil society activists and NGOs.

This book offers an overview of the history and development of civil society in three major nations of South Asia - Pakistan, India and Bangladesh - from colonial times to the present. It examines the liberalization of civil society since the 1980s, the needs it created for civil action, the professionalization of civil society organizations, and the extent to which civil society may benefit society at large in the context of local, national and global transformations in the economy, political regime and ideology. The reader will find new insights on the interaction between the liberalization of multifaceted civil societies in the three countries, presenting contrasts such as restrictions put on women's organizations or labour unions and acceptance of religious organizations' activities. The volume looks at forms of transfer of civil society models, representation and democratic legitimacy of civil society organizations such as nongovernmental organizations, government organized NGOs and faith-based organizations, along with the structuring of civil society through legal frames as well as female, religious, and ethnic mobilizations around language and literature. Using wide-ranging empirical data and theoretical analyses, it deals with civil society issues relating to human rights and political challenges, justice, inequality, empowerment, and the role of bureaucracy, women's movements, and ethnic and linguistic minorities. It also presents early responses to the Covid-19 crisis in 2020 which created significant pressure on the states and on civil society. This book will be useful to scholars and researchers of political studies, development studies, sociology, public policy and governance, law and human rights, as also to professionals in think tanks, civil society activists and NGOs.

This book presents high-quality, original contributions (both theoretical and experimental) on Information Security, Machine Learning, Data Mining and Internet of Things (IoT). It gathers papers presented at ICETIT 2019, the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology, which was held in Delhi, India, in June 2019. This conference series represents a targeted response to the growing need for research that reports on and assesses the practical implications of IoT and network technologies, AI and machine learning, data analytics and cloud computing, security and privacy, and next generation computing technologies.

This book presents high-quality, original contributions (both theoretical and experimental) on Information Security, Machine Learning, Data Mining and Internet of Things (IoT). It gathers papers presented at ICETIT 2019, the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology, which was held in Delhi, India, in June 2019. This conference series represents a targeted response to the growing need for research that reports on and assesses the practical implications of IoT and network technologies, AI and machine learning, data analytics and cloud computing, security and privacy, and next generation computing technologies.

New Java versions of all C++ programs in the book at http: //bit.ly/epi-programs

Get a PDF sampler of EPI from http: //bit.ly/epi-sampler

Have you ever...

Wanted to work at an exciting futuristic company? Struggled with an interview problem that could have been solved in 15 minutes? Wished you could study real-world computing problems?

If so, you need to read Elements of Programming Interviews (EPI).

The core of EPI is a collection of 300 problems with detailed solutions, including over 100 figures and 250 tested programs. The problems are challenging, well-motivated, and accessible. They are representative of the questions asked at interviews at the most exciting companies.

The book begins with a summary of patterns for data structure, algorithms, and problem solving that will help you solve the most challenging interview problems. This is followed by chapters on basic and advanced data structures, algorithm design, concurrency, system design, probability and discrete mathematics. Each chapter starts with a brief review of key concepts and results followed by a deep and wide set of questions.

EPI concludes with a summary of the nontechnical aspects of interviewing, including common mistakes, strategies for a great interview, perspectives from across the table, negotiating the best offer, and much more.

"This book is the best compilation of programming related problems I have seen. It is a great resource for a diverse set of topics when preparing for technical interviews, as a quick refresher in a subject area or when you are just looking for a brain teaser to challenge yourself."
Shashank Gupta / Scaligent, formerly Engineering Manager, Amazon.com, Senior Engineering Manager, Yahoo , Manager of Software Development, Cisco Systems

Condylar head inclination proved to be the most significantly correlated condylar characteristics to facial morphology. Hypodivergent pattern is dominant in Class II malocclusion. Symphysis width dimension also vary in different Class II malocclusion.SBL-PNS, Y -axis, Facial -Axis, PFH/AFH X100, Bjork sum and Symphseal width are significant parameters which discriminate between groups. Horizontal facial morphology was seen in 45 % of cases, vertical 8.3% and normal was 46.7%. Facial types of the Class II patients vary and it depends on the position of the condyle in the fossa. It can be anteriorly or posteriorly placed, depending upon the type of jaw bases. Glenoid fossa position also changes; it can be cranially or caudally placed in class II patients depending upon skeletal facial types. Symphysis width was strongly related to the direction of mandibular growth. Symphysis width varies in different types of facial types. Generally it is wider in low angle subjects and narrow in high angle Class II preadolescent patients.

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics is the first speciality in dentistry. The objective of this textbook of Orthodontics is to provide a comprehensive review of this subject that is accessible to students especially post-graduates. Every-day we learn something new through our clinical exposure in this field. With time and experience orthodontists learn many technique adjuncts that work for them and which facilitate the clinical treatment of their patients. A number of these adjuncts are published in different journals. In this book I tried to collate some of these clinical tips. Our goal has been to put information into a perspective that facilitates clinical use in a rational way. In each chapter, basic background information that every orthodontist need is covered in detail. In addition, the book is supplemented with extensive content that will help the post-graduates throughout the course and also in the examination. I hope that this component of the book will be of value to the graduate and postgraduate student.

Functional appliances are considered to be primarily orthopedic tools to influence the facial skeleton of the growing child in the condylar and sutural areas. All functional appliances take advantage of interaction between mechanical function and morphologic pattern and use common mechanisms of bone turnover, rhythm, activation, resorption, and formation for their action.These effects are produced because of their ability to alter the stomatognathic muscle balance. For growth modification, functional appliances transmit forces (from muscles or viscoelastic stretch of soft tissue) to the condylar region and thereby, inducing new bone formation or glenoid fossa remodeling.Treatment of class II malocclusion has always been an enigma to the orthodontic faternity. Skeletal class II malocclusion has been treated by various forms of functional appliances to achieve better esthetics and functional harmony. Correction of skeletal class II malocclusion by growth modulation during active growth can be achieved using various myofunctional appliances like activator, Frankel's regulator and the twin block. This book summarize about each appliance with their efficacy in detail.

This finite element study was conducted to calculate the distribution of stresses on root surfaces when a orthodontic force of 2N was applied at different degrees namely 0 degree, 30 degree and 45 degree to the horizontal plane. An in-vitro finite element method was used to construct a three dimensional finite element model of a mandibular arch (without first premolars). Mechanical properties like Young's modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio were assigned to the model. To this model an orthodontic force was applied at various degrees on the crown of the tooth model. After the application of the forces initial stress on the root surface of mandibular anterior teeth was evaluated. The greatest amount of the maximum level of stress was found at the cervical margin of the PDL at all tooth roots, while the maximum stresses occurred at the root crest region of the canine among them. Bodily movement and tipping forces produce stress concentrated at the alveolar crest and not at the root apex This 3-dimensional model is a useful example to investigate the biomechanics of dental movement analyzing the mechanical stress on root surfaces.